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# Algorithms convergence assessment

Monolix includes a convergence assessment tool. It is possible to execute a workflow as defined above but for different, randomly generated, initial values of fixed effects.

### Running the convergence assessment

For that, click on the button in the “Tasks” part.

A dedicated windows pop up as in the figure below

The user can define

• the number of runs, or replicates
• the type of assessment
• Estimation of the standard errors and the log-likelihood
• Use the linearization if the previous method is used.
• the initial parameters. We generate initial values based on the intervals where those values should be (uniformly) simulated.Notice that you are able to set one initial parameter constant while generating the others. The minimum and maximum of the generated parameters can be modified by the user.

Notice that

• In the case of estimation of the standard errors and log-likelihood by linearization, the individual parameters with the conditional mode method are computed too to have more relevant linearization.
• In the case of estimation of the standard errors and log-likelihood without the linearization, the conditional distribution method are computed too to have more relevant estimation
• The workflow is the same between the runs and is not the one defined in the interface.

Click on Run to execute the tool. Thus you are able to estimate the population parameters using several initial seeds and/or several initial conditions.

### Display and outputs

Several kinds of graphics are given as a summary of the results.
First of all, the SAEM convergence assessment is proposed. The convergence of each parameter on each run is proposed. It allows to see if the convergence for each run is ok.

Then, a graphic showing the estimated values (blue) with the estimated standard errors (red bars) for each replicate (if the Fisher information matrix estimation was included in the scenario) is proposed. It allows to see if all parameters converge statistically to the same values.

Finally, if Log likelihood without linearization is used, the importance sampling curves are proposed.

In addition, a result folder is generated for each set of initial parameters. Along with all the runs, there is a summary of all the runs providing all the individual parameter estimates along with the -2LL, as in the following

Parameters,Run_1,Run_2,Run_3,Run_4,Run_5
Cl_pop,0.03994527,0.04017999,0.04016216,0.04012077,0.0400175
V_pop,0.4575748,0.4556463,0.4560732,0.4557009,0.4569431
a,0.4239969,0.42482,0.4227559,0.4294611,0.435585
b,0.05653124,0.05684357,0.05700663,0.054965,0.05450724
ka_pop,1.527947,1.521184,1.5226,1.519333,1.519678
omega_Cl,0.2653109,0.2643172,0.268475,0.266199,0.2693083
omega_V,0.1293328,0.1274441,0.122951,0.1301242,0.1261098
omega_ka,0.6530206,0.6655251,0.643456,0.6425528,0.6424614
-2LL,339.387,339.417,339.429,339.444,339.462


### Best practices: what is the use the convergence assessment tool?

We cannot claim that SAEM always converges (i.e., with probability 1) to the global maximum of the likelihood. We can only say that it converges under quite general hypotheses to a maximum – global or perhaps local – of the likelihood. A large number of simulation studies have shown that SAEM converges with high probability to a “good” solution – it is hoped the global maximum – after a small number of iterations. The purpose of this tool is to evaluate the SAEM algorithm with initial conditions and see if the estimated parameters are the “global” minimum.
The trajectory of the outputs of SAEM depends on the sequence of random numbers used by the algorithm. This sequence is entirely determined by the “seed.” In this way, two runs of SAEM using the same seed will produce exactly the same results. If different seeds are used, the trajectories will be different but convergence occurs to the same solution under quite general hypotheses. However, if the trajectories converge to different solutions, that does not mean that any of these results are “false”. It just means that the model is case sensitive to the seed or to the initial conditions. The purpose of this tool is to evaluate the SAEM algorithm with several seeds to see the robustness of the convergence.